Sm-ä,- Aw-_m-\n,- Ym-¸À,- tam-Uo-kv,- _nÀ-f- Xp-S-§n-b- Ip-¯-I-¡p-Spw-_-§Ä-s¡-ñmw- C-óv- am-[y-a- km-{am-Py-§-fp-ap-ïv.- sk-ñp-emÀ- t^m-¬- amÀ-¡-änð- I-gn-ª- ]-¯p-hÀ-j-¡m-e-s¯- N-cn-{Xw- kw-tbm-P-\-¯n-sâ-bpw- sh-«n-¸n-Sn-¯-¯n-sâ-bp-am-Wv.- 1990I-fnð- C-âÀ-s\-äv- kÀ-ho-kv- s{]m-ssh-UÀ- sse-k-³kn-\v- 437t]À- A-t]-£n-¨n-cp-óp.- 2000 Un-kw-_À- B-b-t¸m-tg-bv-¡pw- A-h-cnð- 75 t]-tc- A-h-ti-jn-¨p-f-fq.- A-ôp-hÀ-jw- ]n-ón-«-t¸mÄ- A-Xv- A-ôm-bn- ho-ïpw- Np-cp-§n.-
tI-_nÄ- Sn-hn-bn-epw- tI-{µo-I-c-Ww- h-f-sc- {]-I-S-am-Wv.- C-ón-t¸mÄ- A-ôp-t]À-¡m-Wv- ta-[m-hn-¯w-:- ko- Sn-hn-bp-sS- kn-än- tI-_nÄ,- ln-µp-P-bp-sS- C-³U-kv- C-âv- ao-Un-b,- c-tl-P-bp-sS- lm-¯v-th- tI-_nÄ-kv,- k-¬- Sn-hn-bp-sS- kp-aw-K-en- tI-_nÄ,- lÀ-jv- tKm-sb-¦-bp-sS- BÀ-]n-Pn- F-ón-h-bm-W-h.-
8500 tIm-Sn- cq-]-bp-sS- ]-c-ky-amÀ-¡-äv- Aw-_m-\n-bp-sS- ap-{Zm- I-½yq-Wn-t¡-j-³kv,- ln-µp-Øm-³ tXmw-k-¬- A-tkm-jn-tb-äv-kv,- a-¡-³ þ- F-dn-Iv-k-¬,- H-Knð-hn- B-âv- am-t¯-gv-kv,- dn-Un-^yq-j-³ F-ón-h-bp-sS- \n-b-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv.- hn-tZ-i- ]-c-ky- G-P-³kn-IÄ- C-´y-³ hn-]-Wn-bn-te-bv-¡v- I-S-óp- I-gn-ªp.-
sXm-®q-dp-I-fp-sS- a-[y-¯n-em-Wv- aÀ-tUm-¡n-sâ- B-tKm-f- Ip-¯-I- C-´y-bnð- cw-K-{]-th-i-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv.- 150 hÀ-jw- ]-g-¡-ap-Å ssSw-kv- Hm-^v- C-´y-bp-sS- {Kq-¸n-sâ- sXm-«-Sp-¯v- aÀ-tUm-¡v- F-¯n-¡-gn-ªp.- ‘-F-³.-Un.- Sn-hn-’-bp-sS- k-lm-b-t¯m-sS- ÌmÀ- Sn.-hn- \yq-kv- cw-K-t¯-¡pw- I-S-óp- I-gn-ªp.- aÀ-tUm-¡n-sâ- ÌmÀ- \yq-kv- A-ho-Iv- kÀ-¡mÀ- \yq-kv- t]-¸À- {Kq-¸p-am-bn- Iq-«p-tNÀ-ón-«p-ïv.- kv-s]-bn-kv- sS-en-hn-j-sâ- Un.-Sn.-F-¨n-\v- Sm-äm-bp-sS- 20 i-X-am-\w- sj-b-dp-ïv.- c-tl-Pm-kn-\v- Fw.-F-kv.-H- (lm-¯v-sh-bv-kn-\v)- 26 i-X-am-\w- ]-¦m-fn-¯-ap-ïv.- Ìoð- Ip-¯-I- an-¯-en-\v- aÀ-tUm-¡n-sâ- td-Un-tbm-bnð- 20 i-X-am-\-¯n-sâ- ]-¦m-fn-¯-ap-ïv.- ^n-enw- Un-hn-j-\nð- tKm-b-¦-bp-am-bn-«m-Wv- Iq-«v.- C-§-s\- C-´y-³ Ip-¯-I-I-fp-am-bn- Iq-«p-Iq-Sn-s¡m-ïm-Wv- C-´y-³ I-t¼m-fw- ]n-Sn-¡p-ó-Xn-\v- I-¨-sI-«n- C-d-§n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.-tIm-¬-¥m-a-td-j-³ {]-h-W-X-I-fpw- C-´y-bnð- {]-I-S-am-Wv.- ‘-k-¬- Sn.-hn-’-¡v- Zn-\-]-{Xw,- Un.-Sn.-F-¨v,- tI-_nÄ,- td-Un-tbm,- am-K-kn-³ ta-J-e-I-fnð- I-¼-\n-I-fp-ïv. ko- Sn.-hn,-ÌmÀ- Sn.-hn.- F-ón-h-bpw- ]-{X,- ^n-enw- ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v- I-S-ón-«p-ïv.- Cu-\m-Sv,- Zn-\-X´n-’-Xp-S-§n-b- ]-{X-§Ä- sS-en-hn-j-³,- tI-_nÄ,- am-kn-I- Xp-S-§n-b- ta-J-e-I-fnð- {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-óp.- ‘-Cu-\m-Sv-’- {]-ap-J- ^n-enw- \nÀ-½m-Xm-¡Ä- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- C-Xp-t]m-se- ssh-hn-[y-hð-¡-c-Ww- {]-ap-J- am-[y-a-Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS- ap-J-ap-{Z-bm-bn-«p-ïv.-
]-{X-§Ä- tI-c-f-¯nð-
tI-c-f-¯nð- _-lp-P-\-am-[y-a-§-fp-sS- Xp-S-¡w- ]-s¯m-¼-Xmw- \q-äm-ïn-sâ- A-h-km-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv.- A-hn-sS- \n-óv- C-t§m-«p-f-f- N-cn-{Xw- t\m-¡n-bmð- am-[y-a-§-fp-sS- hm-Wn-Py-h-Xv-I-c-W-hpw- D-f-f-S-¡-hpw- X-½n-ep-f-f- _-Ô-¯n-sâ- \m-gn-I-¡-ñp-IÄ- Im-Wmw.- C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-äm-ïn-sâ- B-Zy- ]-Ip-Xn-bn-em-Wv- C-óp- \mw- A-dn-bp-ó- ]-{X-§-fpw- am-kn-I-I-fpw- cq-]w- sIm-ï-Xv.- A-óv- ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\w- em-t`-Ñ-tbm-sS- B-bn-cp-ón-ñ.- Nn-e- km-aq-ly- cm-jv-{So-b- e-£y-§Ä-¡p- th-ïn-bm-bn-cp-óp.- kzm-X-{´y- k-a-c-¯n-sâ- `m-K-am-bn-«m-Wv- am-Xr-`q-an- cq-]w- sIm-ï-Xv.- tZ-im-`n-am-\n- t]m-ep-f-f-h- C-S-Xp-]-£- {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ- `m-K-am-bn- D-bÀ-óp-h-óp.- tI-c-f- Iu-ap-Zn,- Zo-]n-I- t]m-ep-f-f-h- km-aq-ly- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS- ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv- D-ïm-b-Xv.-
F-ómð- em-`-s¯-¡m-fp-]-cn- a-e-bm-f- km-ln-Xy- t]m-j-Ww,- tÌ-äv- tIm-¬-{K-kv- cm-jv-{So-bw,- \n-hÀ-¯-\- {]-t£m-`w,- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- km-aq-ly- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä- F-ón-h-sbm-s¡-bm-bn- a-t\m-c-a-bv-¡v- k-Po-h-am-b- _-Ô-ap-ïm-bn-cp-óp- F-ó-Xv- \n-kv-XÀ-¡-am-Wv.- tI-h-e- hm-Wn-Py-h-Xv-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sS-bpw- s{]m-^-j-W-en-k-¯n-eq-sS-bpw- am-{X-a-ñ- a-t\m-c-a- h-fÀ-ó-Xv- F-óv- Np-cp-¡w.-
1923\m-Wv- am-Xr-`q-an- Xp-S-§p-ó-Xv.- tZ-io-b- {]-t£m-`-Im-cn-I-fp-sS- ap-J-]-{X-am-bm-Wv- ]-{X-¯n-sâ- Xp-S-¡w.- kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-bm-b- sI- ]n- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-³ B-Wv- B-Zy- ]-{Xm-[n-]À.- H-cp-e-£w- cq-]- aq-e-[-\-¯nð- A-ôp-cq-]-bp-sS- 20000 Hm-l-cn-IÄ- hn-äm-Wv- am-Xr-`q-an- {]n-ânw-Kv- B-âv- ]-»n-jnw-Kv- I-¼-\n- {]-hÀ-¯-\-am-cw-`n-¨-Xv.- F-ómð- ]-Xn--\-¿m-bn-cw- cq-]- am-{X-ta- ]n-cn-¡m-\m-bp-f-fq.- C-§-s\- F-fn-b- Xp-S-¡-am-bn-cp-óp- am-Xr-`q-an-bp-tS-Xv.- Xp-S-¡-¯nð- am-Xr-`q-an- \-jv-S-¯n-em-bn-cp-óp.- tIm-¬-{K-kv- ^-ïnð- \n-óv- ]-Ww- \ð-In- am-Xr-`q-an- A-S-¨p- t]m-Im-sX- t\m-t¡-ïn- h-ó- N-cn-{Xw- t]m-ep-ap-ïv.- ]n-óo-Sv- am-Xr-`q-an-bpw- ap-X-em-fn-¯-h-Xv-I-c-W-¯n-\v- hn-t[-b-am-bn.- tIm-¬-{K-kn-sâ- A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I- ap-J-]-{Xw- F-ó- \n-e-]m-Sv- am-dn.- A-¯-c-¡m-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-\p- ]-I-cw- {Sm-³kv-t]mÀ-«v- hy-h-km-bn-I-fm-b- sI-Sn-kn- {Kq-¸n-sâ-bpw- tXm-«w- D-S-a-bm-b- ho-tc-{µ-Ip-am-dn-sâ-bpw- ssI-I-fn-te--¡v- ]-{X-sa-¯n.- tZ-io-b- {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ- aq-ey-§-fn-e-ñ- ]-{X-¯n-sâ- am-t\-Pnw-Kv- U-b-d-Iv-SÀ- ho-tc-{µ-Ip-am-dn-sâ- ]-c-ky-hpw- c-l-ky-hp-am-b- cm-jv-{So-b- A-`n-em-j-§Ä-s¡m-¯m-Wv- Cu- \q-äm-ïn-sâ- B-Zy-]Xn-äm-ïnð- am-Xr-`q-an- \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-¡p-ó-Xv.- F-ómð- c-ïp- ]-Xn-äm-ïp- ap-¼v- am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sS- D-S-a-Ø-Xm-am-äw- tI-c-f-¯nð- Im-cy-am-b- NÀ-¨m-hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-óp.- 420 Hm-l-cn-IÄ- \m-e-¸m-«v- Ip-Spw-_-¯nð- \n-óv- ssSw-kv- Hm-^v- C-´y- D-S-a-Ø-cm-b- s_-ó-äv- tImÄ-am-³ B-âv- I-¼-\n- hm-§n-b-Xv- h-³tIm-em-l-e-§Ä-¡v- h-gn-sh-¨n-cp-óp.- \yq-\-]-£- Hm-l-cn-IÄ- ssI-am-dn-bn-«p- t]m-epw- A-Xv- tI-c-f-¯n-sâ- sam-¯w- {]-iv-\-am-bn- am-dn.- a-e-bm-f- am-[y-a- cw-K-¯v- Np-h-Sp-d-¸n-¡m-\p-f-f- tam-lw- P-bn-³ k-tlm-Z-c-òmÀ D-t]-£n-¨--t¸mÄ- am-{X-am-Wv- \-½p-sS- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- cw-Kw- im-´-am-b-Xv.-
B-Zy-Im-e-s¯- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-¯n-sâ- D-¯-a- am-Xr-I- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W- ]n-f-f-bm-Wv.- km-aq-ly- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-\pw- tZ-io-b- kzm-X-{´y- k-a-c-¯n-\pw- a-äpw- th-ïn- Xq-en-I-sb- ]-S-hm-fm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-óp- A-ó-s¯- ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS- Zu-Xyw.- F-ómð- C-óv- A-Sn-Øm-\- {]-tNm-Z-\w- D-S-a-Ø-sâ- em-`-am-Wv.- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-§-fp-sS- D-S-a-Ø-X,- Cu- hm-Wn-Py- \n-£n-]v-X- Xmð-]-cy-§-fp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b- ]-S-hm-fp-I-fm-bn-«pw- ]-{X-§Ä- am-dn-bn-«p-ïv.-
a-e-bm-f- Zr-iy-am-[y-a-§Ä-
sS-en-hn-j-³ Nm-\-ep-IÄ- i-à-am-b-tXm-sS- am-[y-a- aq-e-[-\-¯n-sâ- {]-iv-\-§Ä- Iq-Sp-Xð- Xo-{h-am-bn.- G-jym-s\-äv- B-tKm-f-am-[y-a- {]-`p- dq-¸À-Uv- aÀ-tUm-¡n-sâ- h-I-bm-b- ÌmÀ- C-´y-bp-sS- ssI-bnð.- G-jym-s\-äv- \yq-kv- _n-]n-Fð- D-S-a- cm-Po-hv- N-{µ-ti-J-dn-sâ- ssI-bnð.- C-´ym- hn-j-³ ap-Énw-eo-Kv- t\-Xm-hv- tUm.- Fw.- sI.- ap-\o-dn-sâ-bpw- tdm-bv- Fw- ap-¯q-än-sâ-bpw- ssI-bnð.- a-t\m-c-a- hn-j-³ I-ï-¯nð- Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ- h-I.- C-Xm-Wv- sS-en-hn-j-³ ta-J-e-bn-se- D-S-a-Ø-X-bp-sS- Øn-Xn.-
a-e-bm-f- sS-en-hn-j-³ cw-K-¯v- D-S-a-Ø-X-bp-sS- \n-e-bnð- t\m-¡n-bmð- H-cp- hy-Xy-kv-X- kw-cw-`-ap-f-f-Xv- a-e-bm-fw- I-½yq-Wn-t¡-j-³kv- en-an-ä-Uv- B-Wv.- c-ï-c-e-£w- Hm-l-cn-bp-S-a-IÄ- tNÀ-óv- D-ïm-¡n-b- P-\-Io-b- kw-cw-`-am-Wv- Cu- I-¼-\n.- D-S-a-Ø-cnð- a-lm-`q-cn-]-£-hpw- kn.-]n.-sF-(Fw)- Aw-K-§-tfm- A-\p-`m-hn-I-tfm- B-Wv.- ssI-c-fn,- ]o-¸nÄ,- hn- F-óo- Nm-\-ep-IÄ- kw-t{]-j-Ww- sN-¿p-óp.-
Xo-{h-aq-e-[-\-hð-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ- {]-iv-\-§-fm-Wv- sS-en-hn-j-³ ta-J-e- t\-cn-Sp-ó-Xv.
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