""Hcp- P-\-hn-`m-Kw- H-ón-¨v- kp-L-Sn-X-am-bn- Nn-´n-¡m-\pw- b-YmÀ-Y- hÀ-¯-am-\- tem-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v- H-tc-t]m-se- k-a-{K-am-bn- a-\-Ên-em-¡m-\pw- Xp-S-§p-ó-Xv,- G-sX-¦n-ep-sam-cp- ZmÀ-i-\n-I-{]-Xn-`- sIm-¨p-_p-²n-Po-hn- kw-L-§-fp-sS- am-{Xw- kz-¯m-bn-cn-¡p-ó- H-cp- k-Xyw- I-sï-¯p-ó-Xn-t\-¡mÄ- F-{X-tbm- h-en-b- ZmÀ-i-\n-I- kw-`-h-am-Wv-'-'.-
(Atâm-Wn-tbm- {Kmw-jn-þPbnð- cN\IÄ)-
AsX,- kv-{Xo-tem-I¯p thïXpw- C¯csam-cp ZmÀ-i\n-I kw-`ham-Wv.- Zm-¼Xyw- apXð- Btcm-Ky-cw-Kw- hsc hym-]n-¨pIn-S¡pó ]pcpjta[m-hn-Xz--hpw- _Ô§fn-se AkaXz-hpw- Hs¡ km-aq-ly -D¯chm-Zn-¯§fm-bn- GsäSp¡p-t¼mÄ- am-{Xta kv-{Xo-tem-Is¯ {]iv-\§Ä- ZmÀ-i\n-I kw-`h§fm-bn- kzo-Icn-¡s¸SpIbpÅq.- AXm-Is« hÀ-Kbm-YmÀ-Yyw- ssIhn-Sm-¯ bm-YmÀ-Y kv-{Xo-aptóä¯n-\p XpS¡w- Ipdn-¡pIbpw-sN¿pw.- A¯csam-cp AhØ C\n-bpw- kw-Pm-Xam-bn-«ptïm-sbó At\z-jWw- kmÀ-YIam-Ipó Ncn-{XkÔn-bn-em-Wv- Cóp \½Ä.- Im-cWw- tem-Is¯m-«m-sIbpÅ kv-{Xo-IÄ- AhcpsS a\pjym-hIm-it¸m-cm-« kac§fpsS ap{Zm-hm-Iy-§Ä- aptóm-«psh¨psIm-ïv- kmÀ-htZio-b aln-fm-Zn-\w- BNcn-¡m-\m-cw-`n-¨n-«v- \q-dphÀ-jw- ]qÀ-¯n-bm-Ipóp.- 1910 amÀ-¨v- F«n-\m-Wv- kmÀ-htZiob aln-fm-Zn-\am-bn- BNcn-¡m-\pÅ \nÀ-tZiw- aptóm-«phbv-¡s¸Sp-óXv.- tkm-jy-en-kv-äv- aln-fm- {]Øm-\¯n-sâ cïmw- CâÀ-\m-jWð- tIm¬-^d³--knð-- PÀ--a³- Iayq-Wn-kv-äv- t\Xm-hv- ¢m-cm- skXv-In³- aptóm-«psh¨ \nÀ-tZiw- Aóp Aw-Ko-Icn-¡s¸SpIbm-bn-cpóp.- kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡v- thm-«hIm-ihpw- sXm-gnð- kpc£bpw- \ð-IpI,- kv-{Xo-Itfm-SpÅ hn-thN\w- Ahkm-\n-¸n-¡pI Fóo- ap{Zm-hm-Iy-§Ä- DbÀ-¯n-s¡m-ïpÅXmbn-cpóp Cu- BZy- kt½f\w-Xsó.- XpSÀ-óv- sXm-«Sp-¯ hÀ-jw- PÀ-a\n-bn-epw- Bkv-t{Sen-bbn-epw- kmÀ-htZio-b h\n-Xm-Zn-\w- BNcn-¡pIbpw-sNbv-Xp.- {ItaW hn-hn-[ cm-Py-§fn-se kv-{Xo-aptóä kw-cw-`§Ä- Ncn-{X¯n-sâ `m-Kam-Wv.- tem-Ialm-bp²§fpsS Im-e¯v- tem-Is¯¼m-SpapÅ kv-{Xo-IÄ- hn-e¡bä¯n-s\Xn-scbpw- `£y-kpc£¡p thïn-bpw- apdhn-fn- Iq-«pIbpw- {]t£m-`cw-Ks¯¯pIbpw-sNbv-Xp.-
H-tÎm-_À- hn-¹-h-¯n-sâ- `m-K-am-bn- d-jy-bn-se- kv-{Xo-IÄ-¡v- ]p-cp-j-Xp-ey-am-b- ]u-cm-h-Im-i-§Ä- D-d-¸m-¡-s¸-«p.- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b- a-ln-fm-Zn-\-¯n-sâ- A-¼-Xmw- hmÀ-jn-I-¯nð- 1960þð- 73 cm-Py-§Ä- tIm-¸-³ tl-K-\nð- H-¯p-tN-cp-I-bp-ïm-bn.- tem-I-sa-§pw- t]m-cm-Sp-ó- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS- sF-Iy-s¸-S-em-bn-cp-óp- 1960þ-se- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b- a-ln-fm-Zn-\w.- a-tä-sXm-cp- tIm-f-\n-cm-Py-¯n-ep-sa-ó-t]m-se- C-´y-bn-epw- kv-{Xo-ap-tó-äm-i-b-§-fp-sS- A-t_m-[- t{]-c-W-bm-bn- bq-tdm-¸n-se-bpw- A-ta-cn-¡-bn-se-bpw- B-Zy-Im-e- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä- hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-óp.- A-Xp-sIm-ïp-X-só- C-´y-bn-se- B-Zy-Im-e- hn-tam-N-\- kw-cw-`-§-fp-sS- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-§Ä- kv-{Xo-kzm-X-{´yw,- kv-{Xo-hn-Zym-`ym-kw- F-ón-h- B-bn-¯o-cp-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.- tIm-tfm-Wn-bð- aq-ey-t_m-[w- ]m-I-s¸-Sp-¯n-b- H-cp- kv-{Xo-Xz-k-¦ð-¸-¯n-\p-th-ïn-bp-Å- hm-Z-§Ä- kv-{Xo-bpw- ]p-cp-j-\pw- H-óp-t]m-se- D-bÀ-¯n-b-Xn-sâ- \n-c-h-[n- D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä- \-ap-¡p- C-´ym-N-cn-{X-¯nð- C-¡m-e-¯p- I-sï-¯mw.- C-´y-bp-sS- hn-hn-[- {]-tZ-i-§-fnð- ]-s¯m-¼-Xmw- \q-äm-ïn-sâ- B-Zy- Z-i-I-¯nð- cq-]w-sIm-ï- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS- k-am-P-§Ä,- ¢-ºp-IÄ,- te-Uo-kv- skm-ssk-än-IÄ- F-ón-h-sbm-s¡- Cu- aq-ey-t_m-[w- X-só-bm-Wv- ]n-³]-än-bn-cp-ó-Xv.- 1910þð- k-c-fm-tZ-hn- Nu-[p-cm-\n- Øm-]n-¨- `m-c-Xv- kv-{Xo- a-lm-a-Þ-ew,- 1917þð- a-Zn-cm-in-bnð- Øm-]n-¡-s¸-«- hn-a-³kv- C-´y-³ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-\p-sam-s¡- Cu- s]m-Xp-[m-c-bp-sS- H-tcm- I-®n-IÄ- am-{Xw.- Cu- {]-Øm-\-§Ä-s¡m-s¡- hn-Zym-k-¼-ó-cm-b- ]p-cp-j-òm-cp-sS- ]n-´p-W-bpw- e-`n-¨p.- C-´y-bn-se- B-Zy-Im-e- kv-{Xo-{]-Øm-\-§Ä,- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS- km-aq-ln-I-]-Z-hn- sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó-Xn-\p- th-ïn-bp-Å- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fpw- tZ-io-b- {]-Øm-\-¯n-\m-bp-Å- tk-h-\-§-fpw- \nÀ-h-ln-¨p- F-ó-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp-t¼m-gpw- A-h-cp-sS- {]-hÀ-¯-\- ta-J-e-bnð- C-´y-bn-se- _-lp-`q-cn-]-£w- h-cp-ó- Io-gm-f-þ-Z-cn-{Z- hn-`m-K- kv-{Xo-IÄ- DÄ-s¸-«n-cp-ón-sñ-ó-Xv- H-cp- bm-YmÀ-Yyw- am-{Xw.- A-Xp-sIm-ïp-X-só- Cu- kv-{Xo-{]-Øm-\-§Ä-¡v- a-[y-hÀ-K- {]-Ir-Xw- X-só-bm-Wp-ïm-bn-cp-ó-Xv.- hm-kv-X-h-¯nð- C-cp-]-Xp-I-fn-epw- \mð-]-Xp-I-fn-epw- B-cw-`n-¨- ImÀ-jn-I- k-a-c-¯n-em-Wv- A-Sn-Øm-\-hÀ-K- kv-{Xo-{]-iv-\-§Ä-¡p- {]-th-i-\w- e-`n-¡p-ó-Xv.- _w-Km-fn-se- tX-`m-K- {]-Øm-\-hpw- sX-e-¦m-\- I-em-]-hpw- hÀ-fn- B-Zn-hm-kn- I-em-]-hpw- H-s¡- \nÀ-Wm-b-I-am-b- kv-{Xo-]-¦m-fn-¯-ap-Å- k-a-c-§-fm-bn- N-cn-{X-¯nð- tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-ïv.-
C-¯-cw- [o-c-am-b- k-a-c- ]-¦m-fn-¯-sam-ópw- en-Jn-X- N-cn-{X-¯n-tem- B-[n-Im-cn-I- N-cn-{X-¯n-tem- tI-c-f- kv-{Xo-¡p- Ið-]n-¨-\p-h-Zn-¨p- In-«n-bn-«n-sñ-¦n-epw- hm-sam-gn- N-cn-{X-¯n-epw- N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ- ho-sï-Sp-¸p-I-fn-epw- C-óv- tI-c-f- kv-{Xo-bp-sS- k-l-\-k-a-c-§-fpw- t]m-cm-«-§-fpw- A-Xn-sâ- kz-Io-b-am-b- Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯ð- \nÀ-h-ln-¡-s¸-«p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.- \m-Sp-hm-gn- Zp-jv-{]-`p-Xz-¯n-\pw- P-òn-hy-h-Ø-bv-¡pw- sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-k-¯n-\p-sa-Xn-sc- i-Ð-ap-bÀ-¯n-b- kv-{Xo-IÄ- \n-c-h-[n-bm-sW-¦n-epw- A-h-cnð- hn-c-en-se-®m-hp-ó-hÀ- am-{X-ta- \-½p-sS- N-cn-{X-¯m-fp-I-fnð- Øm-\w-]n-Sn-¨p-Åq.-
kzm-X{´y-¯n-\pw- kz-bw- \nÀ-Wbm-hIm-i¯n-\pw- thïn- ]pcpjs\m-¸w- AWn-\n-có H«\h[n- kv-{Xo-Ifpw- Iq-Sn-t¨À-ó kac§fpw- Iem-]§fpam-Wv- tIcf kaq-l¯n-sâ ]ptcm-KXn-¡pÅ Nm-eIiàn-bm-bn- am-dn-bXv.- hn-Zym-`ym-k¯n-sâbpw- sXm-gn-en-sâbpw- hn-im-eam-b tem-Iw- kv-{Xo-¡p XpdópIn-«n- Fó AhIm-ihm-Zw- Dóbn-¡pt¼m-gpw- kv-{Xo-sb kw-_Ôn-¨ BZÀ-icq-]s¯ hmÀ-¸pam-Xr-IIfn-sem-Xp¡m-\m-Wv- Fópw- s]m-Xpkaq-lw- {ian-¡póXv.-
kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b- a-ln-fm-Zn-\m-N-c-W-¯n-sâ- \q-äm-ïp- ]n-ón-Sp-ó- H-cp- kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b- km-l-N-cy-¯nð- a-\p-jy-Po-hn- F-ó- \n-e-bnð- tI-c-f-¯n-se-ó-ñ- tem-I-s¯-¼m-Sp-ap-Å- kv-{Xo-IÄ- k-am-\-am-b- Nn-e- {]-iv-\-§Ä- A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-óp-ïv.- Iq-Sm-sX- B-tKm-fo-I-c-W-¯n-sâ- hÀ-¯-am-\- km-l-N-cy-¯nð- aq-ómw- tem-I-cm-Py-§-fn-se- kv-{Xo-IÄ- t\-cn-Sp-ó- I-Sp-¯- bm-YmÀ-Yy-§Ä- C-Xnð-\n-ópw- `n-ó-hp-am-Wv.- ]p-cp-j-\v- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ- hn-im-e-am-b- tem-Iw- Xp-d-óp-In-«p-I-bpw- kv-{Xo-¡-Xp- \n-tj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw- sN-¿p-ó- A-Sn-Øm-\- km-l-N-cyw- tem-I-s¯-¼m-Sp-ap-Å- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS- A-\p-`-h- bm-YmÀ-Yy-am-Wv.- Cu- bm-YmÀ-Yy-s¯- h-kv-Xp-Xm-]-c-am-bn- t\-cn-Sp-ó-Xn-s\m-¸w- tem-I-ap-X-em-fn-¯-¯n-sâ- Nq-j-W-ta-äp-hm-§p-ó- hÀ-K-§-tfm-sSm-¸w- A-Wn-tN-cm-\pw- kv-{Xo-k-aq-lw- k-ó-²-cm-tI-ï-Xp-ïv.- \q-äm-ïp-I-fm-bn- a-e-bm-fn-k-aq-lw- A-\p-hÀ-¯n-¨p-t]m-cp-ó- ^yq-Uð- k-Zm-Nm-c-{I-a-§-fpw- Ip-Spw-_-_-Ô-§-fpw- B-Nm-c- a-cym-Z-I-fpw- H-s¡- tNÀ-óv- kw-LÀ-j-`-cn-X-am-¡p-ó- kv-{Xo-Po-hn-X-s¯- km-aq-ly-\o-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- a-cym-Z-bp-sS-bpw- A-f-hp-tIm-ep-I-fn-eq-sS- hn-i-I-e-\w- sN-t¿-ï-Xp-ïv.- k-aq-l-¯n-sâ- Hm-tcm- X-«n-epw- \nÀ-h-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-ó- A-en-Jn-X- s]-cp-am-ä-¨-«-§Ä-¡-I-¯p- hoÀ-¸p-ap-«p-ó- hÀ-¯-am-\- kv-{Xo-Po-hn-X-s¯- A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN-¿m-sX- ]p-tcm-K-a-\- tI-c-f-¯n-\p- H-cn-ôp-t]m-epw- ap-tóm-«p-t]m-Im-³ I-gn-bn-ñ.-
]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy- aq-ey-t_m-[-hpw- _qÀ-jzm-k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-bpw- H-ón-¡p-ó- hÀ-¯-am-\- tI-c-f-¯n-sâ- s]m-Xp-t_m-[-¯nð- cq-V-aq-e-am-bn-cn-¡p-ó- H-cp- kv-{Xo-Xz- t_m-[-s¯- ]p-\À- \nÀ-an-¡p-I-bpw- ]p-\À- \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p-I-bpw- sN-t¿-ï-Xp-ïv.- a-X-¯n-sâ-bpw- kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ-bpw- {]-O-ó-cq-]- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\-§-fm-bn- hÀ-¯-am-\- tI-c-f- kv-{Xo- \n-c-´-cw- ]-cn-hÀ-¯n-¡-s¸-«p-sIm-ïn-cn-¡p-óp.- A-[o-i-{]-Xy-b- im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ-bpw- A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§-fp-sS-bpw- Im-h-em-fm-bn- A-hÄ- A-\p-\n-an-jw- am-dn-s¡m-ïp-an-cn-¡p-óp.- ^m-kn-k-¯n-sâ-bpw- hÀ-Ko-b-X-bp-sS-bpw- ]p-Xn-b- cq-]-§Ä- A-h-sf- B-tÇ-jn-¨p-I-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-óp.- hm-kv-X-h-¯nð- k-a-Im-e- tI-c-f-kv-{Xo-bp-sS- Cu- Zp-c-h-Ø-sb- ss\-Xn-I- Pm-{K-X-tbm-sS- t\m-¡n-¡m-Wm-\p-Å- ss[-j-Wn-I- C-Ñm-i-àn-bm-Wv- C-óp- \-½Ä- BÀ-Pn-t¡-ï-Xv.- ap-X-em-fn-¯- B-tKm-fo-I-c-W-¯n-sâ- hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-¯v- G-Xp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- aÀ-Z-t\m-]-I-c-W-§-sf-bpw- sN-dp-¯p- tXmð-¸n-¡m-\p-Å- C-Ñm-i-àn-bpw- IÀ-a-ti-jn-bpw- BÀ-Pn-¡p-I- F-ó-Xm-Wv- Hm-tcm- a-e-bm-fn-kv-{Xo-bp-sS-bpw- B-Zy-s¯- IÀ-¯-hyw.-
F Pn- Heo-\
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